PC5271 wiki - User contributions [en]

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:58:29Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Analysis */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

The diagram below illustrates the working process of the motor system. The central control system inputs PWM parameters into the circuit board, which regulates the PWM voltage supplied to the motor. The motor drives the rotary plate and thereby activates the Hall effect sensor, which outputs Hall voltage pulses containing speed information to the oscilloscope.

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low temporal accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

3. Closed-loop control of rotation speed. By feeding back real-time rotation speed information to the central control system, the PWM values can be dynamically adjusted based on instantaneous speed detections. This closed-loop approach ensures stable and consistent output of the rotary plate's rotation speed.

[[File:Close Loop HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Appendix: Arduino Code for circuit board==

<syntaxhighlight lang="arduino">

<nowiki>#</nowiki>include <PWM.h>
int motor_pinENABLE = 3;
int pin_trigger = 8;
int speed = 0;
String from_python;
int frequency = 1000;

void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
InitTimersSafe(); //sets the frequency for the specified pin
bool success = SetPinFrequencySafe(motor_pinENABLE, frequency);
//if the pin frequency was set successfully, turn pin 13 on
if(success) {
pinMode(motor_pinENABLE, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motor_pinENABLE, LOW);
}
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.setTimeout(10);
pinMode(pin_trigger, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, LOW);
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if (Serial.available()) {
from_python = Serial.readString();
Serial.flush();
speed = from_python.substring(0,3).toInt();
if (speed > 50){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 50);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 100){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 100);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 150){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 150);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 200){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 200);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
Serial.println(speed);
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, speed);// from 1 to 255
delay(1000);//ms
delay(5);//ms
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(400);//us
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, LOW);
delay(100);//ms
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 0);
}
delay(1);
}

</syntaxhighlight>

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:57:29Z

Tianshuo:

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

The diagram below illustrates the working process of the motor system. The central control system inputs PWM parameters into the circuit board, which regulates the PWM voltage supplied to the motor. The motor drives the rotary plate and thereby activates the Hall effect sensor, which outputs Hall voltage pulses containing speed information to the oscilloscope.

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

3. Closed-loop control of rotation speed. By feeding back real-time rotation speed information to the central control system, the PWM values can be dynamically adjusted based on instantaneous speed detections. This closed-loop approach ensures stable and consistent output of the rotary plate's rotation speed.

[[File:Close Loop HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Appendix: Arduino Code for circuit board==

<syntaxhighlight lang="arduino">

<nowiki>#</nowiki>include <PWM.h>
int motor_pinENABLE = 3;
int pin_trigger = 8;
int speed = 0;
String from_python;
int frequency = 1000;

void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
InitTimersSafe(); //sets the frequency for the specified pin
bool success = SetPinFrequencySafe(motor_pinENABLE, frequency);
//if the pin frequency was set successfully, turn pin 13 on
if(success) {
pinMode(motor_pinENABLE, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motor_pinENABLE, LOW);
}
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.setTimeout(10);
pinMode(pin_trigger, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, LOW);
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if (Serial.available()) {
from_python = Serial.readString();
Serial.flush();
speed = from_python.substring(0,3).toInt();
if (speed > 50){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 50);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 100){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 100);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 150){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 150);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 200){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 200);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
Serial.println(speed);
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, speed);// from 1 to 255
delay(1000);//ms
delay(5);//ms
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(400);//us
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, LOW);
delay(100);//ms
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 0);
}
delay(1);
}

</syntaxhighlight>

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:53:10Z

Tianshuo: /* Appendix: Code for Circuit Board */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

The diagram below illustrates the working process of the motor system. The central control system inputs PWM parameters into the circuit board, which regulates the PWM voltage supplied to the motor. The motor drives the rotary plate and thereby activates the Hall effect sensor, which outputs Hall voltage pulses containing speed information to the oscilloscope.

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

3. Closed-loop control of rotation speed. By feeding back real-time rotation speed information to the central control system, the PWM values can be dynamically adjusted based on instantaneous speed detections. This closed-loop approach ensures stable and consistent output of the rotary plate's rotation speed.

[[File:Close Loop HFS.png|800px|center]]

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:48:48Z

Tianshuo: /* Appendix: Code for Circuit Board */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

The diagram below illustrates the working process of the motor system. The central control system inputs PWM parameters into the circuit board, which regulates the PWM voltage supplied to the motor. The motor drives the rotary plate and thereby activates the Hall effect sensor, which outputs Hall voltage pulses containing speed information to the oscilloscope.

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

3. Closed-loop control of rotation speed. By feeding back real-time rotation speed information to the central control system, the PWM values can be dynamically adjusted based on instantaneous speed detections. This closed-loop approach ensures stable and consistent output of the rotary plate's rotation speed.

[[File:Close Loop HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Appendix: Code for Circuit Board==
<code>
#include <PWM.h>
{
int motor_pinENABLE = 3;
int pin_trigger = 8;
int speed = 0;
String from_python;
int frequency = 1000;
}

void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
InitTimersSafe(); //sets the frequency for the specified pin
bool success = SetPinFrequencySafe(motor_pinENABLE, frequency);
//if the pin frequency was set successfully, turn pin 13 on
if(success) {
pinMode(motor_pinENABLE, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motor_pinENABLE, LOW);
}
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.setTimeout(10);
pinMode(pin_trigger, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, LOW);
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if (Serial.available()) {
from_python = Serial.readString();
Serial.flush();
speed = from_python.substring(0,3).toInt();
if (speed > 50){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 50);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 100){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 100);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 150){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 150);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 200){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 200);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
Serial.println(speed);
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, speed);// from 1 to 255
delay(1000);//ms
delay(5);//ms
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(400);//us
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, LOW);
delay(100);//ms
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 0);
}
delay(1);}
</code>

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:47:27Z

Tianshuo:

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

The diagram below illustrates the working process of the motor system. The central control system inputs PWM parameters into the circuit board, which regulates the PWM voltage supplied to the motor. The motor drives the rotary plate and thereby activates the Hall effect sensor, which outputs Hall voltage pulses containing speed information to the oscilloscope.

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

3. Closed-loop control of rotation speed. By feeding back real-time rotation speed information to the central control system, the PWM values can be dynamically adjusted based on instantaneous speed detections. This closed-loop approach ensures stable and consistent output of the rotary plate's rotation speed.

[[File:Close Loop HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Appendix: Code for Circuit Board==
<code>
#include <PWM.h>
int motor_pinENABLE = 3;
int pin_trigger = 8;
int speed = 0;
String from_python;
int frequency = 1000;

void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
InitTimersSafe(); //sets the frequency for the specified pin
bool success = SetPinFrequencySafe(motor_pinENABLE, frequency);
//if the pin frequency was set successfully, turn pin 13 on
if(success) {
pinMode(motor_pinENABLE, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motor_pinENABLE, LOW);
}
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.setTimeout(10);
pinMode(pin_trigger, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, LOW);
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if (Serial.available()) {
from_python = Serial.readString();
Serial.flush();
speed = from_python.substring(0,3).toInt();
if (speed > 50){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 50);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 100){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 100);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 150){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 150);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
if (speed > 200){
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 200);// from 1 to 255
delay(100);//ms
}
Serial.println(speed);
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, speed);// from 1 to 255
delay(1000);//ms
delay(5);//ms
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(400);//us
digitalWrite(pin_trigger, LOW);
delay(100);//ms
pwmWrite(motor_pinENABLE, 0);
}
delay(1);
}
</code>

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:45:05Z

Tianshuo: /* Conclusion & Outlook */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

The diagram below illustrates the working process of the motor system. The central control system inputs PWM parameters into the circuit board, which regulates the PWM voltage supplied to the motor. The motor drives the rotary plate and thereby activates the Hall effect sensor, which outputs Hall voltage pulses containing speed information to the oscilloscope.

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

3. Closed-loop control of rotation speed. By feeding back real-time rotation speed information to the central control system, the PWM values can be dynamically adjusted based on instantaneous speed detections. This closed-loop approach ensures stable and consistent output of the rotary plate's rotation speed.

[[File:Close Loop HFS.png|800px|center]]

File:Close Loop HFS.png

2025-04-29T15:44:25Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:43:40Z

Tianshuo: /* Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

The diagram below illustrates the working process of the motor system. The central control system inputs PWM parameters into the circuit board, which regulates the PWM voltage supplied to the motor. The motor drives the rotary plate and thereby activates the Hall effect sensor, which outputs Hall voltage pulses containing speed information to the oscilloscope.

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

3. Closed-loop control of rotation speed. By feeding back real-time rotation speed information to the central control system, the PWM values can be dynamically adjusted based on instantaneous speed detections. This closed-loop approach ensures stable and consistent output of the rotary plate's rotation speed.

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:38:21Z

Tianshuo: /* Conclusion & Outlook */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

3. Closed-loop control of rotation speed. By feeding back real-time rotation speed information to the central control system, the PWM values can be dynamically adjusted based on instantaneous speed detections. This closed-loop approach ensures stable and consistent output of the rotary plate's rotation speed.

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:37:19Z

Tianshuo: /* Controlling System Diagram of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Process of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:36:30Z

Tianshuo: /* Rotary Plate with Gear System */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

===Controlling System Diagram of Rotation Motor with Hall Effect Sensor===

[[File:SystemGraph HFS.png|800px|center]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

File:SystemGraph HFS.png

2025-04-29T15:33:05Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:32:23Z

Tianshuo: /* Conclusion & Outlook */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotation speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor working voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the rotary plate linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application occasions for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by Hall voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotation speeds.

2. Physical modeling of plate rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:24:08Z

Tianshuo: /* Conclusion & Outlook */

This project utilizes a Hall effect sensor to measure the rotation speed of a circuit board-driven rotary plate through magnetic field variation detection.

==Introduction==

The precise measurement of motor rotation speed holds great importance across scientific research, industrial automation, automotive electronics, and energy technologies. Utilizing the Hall effect, a phenomenon where a conductor moving through an orthogonal magnetic field generates a measurable voltage, Hall effect sensors have been regarded as a dominant solution for rotation speed detection due to their non-contact operation, exceptional reliability, and cost-effectiveness.

This study systematically investigates a turntable rotation speed measurement system utilizing Hall effect sensor technology, with a general discussion of theoretical principles, hardware implementation, and experimental validation.

==Sensor Working Principle==

[[File:Hall Effect.png|thumb|250px|right|Hall Effect Principle]]

===Hall Effect===

When an electric current flows through a conductor and a magnetic field <math>B_{z}</math> is applied perpendicular to the direction of the electric current with intensity <math>I_{x}</math>, a transverse Hall voltage <math>V_{H}</math> will be generated across the lateral surfaces of the conductor.

<math display="block">
V_{H} = \frac{I_{x} \cdot B_{z} \cdot R_{H}}{t_{z}}
</math>

===Hall Effect Sensor===
In the Hall Effect sensing system, <math>M=7</math> magnets are uniformly mounted on the periphery of the motor shaft, while a Hall effect sensor is fixed adjacent to this shaft. When a magnet approaches the sensor during shaft rotation, the Hall sensor generates a digital pulse signal (switching between high and low voltage levels).

The rotation speed is calculated by measuring the number of pulses per unit time, with the fundamental relationship expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Motor Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{60 \times \text{Pulse Count}}{M \times \text{Sampling Time (s)}}
</math>

[[File:HFS_HFS.png|thumb|300px|center|Hall Effect Sensor]]

==Motor Implementation==

[[File:DutyHFS.png|thumb|250px|right|Duty Cycle with PWM]]

===DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply===
For rotation speed regulation of the DC motor, we implemented Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) via the microcontroller's programmable output. By adjusting the PWM duty cycle parameter (0-255), the effective input voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> to the motor is controlled through the modulation of high-level pulse duration. This relationship is mathematically expressed as:

<math display="block">
V_{\text{avg}} = V_{\text{supply}} \times \frac{\text{PWM Value}}{255}
</math>

[[File:Motor_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|DC Multi-Interface Motor]]

===Rotary Plate with Gear System===
The DC motor, powered by this modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math>, drives the rotary plate through a gear transmission system. Considering the combined effects of gear reduction ratio <math>i=10</math> and circuit internal resistance <math>R_{\text{int}}</math>, the rotary plate's rotational speed <math>\text{Plate Speed}</math> exhibits the following proportional relationship with modulated voltage <math>V_{\text{avg}}</math> expressed as:

<math display="block">
\text{Plate Speed}[\text{RPM}] = \frac{\text{Motor Speed}}{i} = \frac{V_{\text{avg}}-I \cdot R_{\text{int}}}{K_{v} \cdot i}
</math>

where <math>K_{v}</math> is motor velocity constant.

[[File:RotaryPlate_HFS.jpeg|thumb|300px|center|Rotary Plate]]

==Data Measurement and Analysis==

===Data Measurement===
With given PWM Values from 105-255, the rotation speed was measured 5 times per 10-unit PWM increase with the Hall Sensor. For validation, we also applied Laser Tachometer to measure the real rotation speed of the rotary plate. The figures below show the measurement of pulses in one sampling duration <math>T=3.8*13.6\text{ms}</math> on the oscilloscope screen.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"
|+ Measurement of Pulses in one Sampling Duration
|-
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
| style="width:50%;" | [[File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg|framed|center|300px]]
|-
|}

===Data Statistics===
The measurement data are listed as the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! PWM Value
! 105
! 115
! 125
! 135
! 145
! 155
! 165
! 175
! 185
! 195
! 205
! 215
! 225
! 235
! 245
! 255
|-
| Hall Sensor Measurement /RPM
| 203.246
| 208.344
| 214.442
| 226.222
| 235.174
| 242.979
| 247.954
| 249.613
| 251.271
| 257.906
| 259.564
| 266.199
| 268.686
| 276.150
| 279.467
| 284.711
|-
| Tachometer Measurement /RPM
| 204.8
| 212.5
| 219.0
| 224.5
| 231.6
| 237.6
| 243.6
| 247.6
| 252.7
| 256.0
| 262.2
| 267.0
| 272.6
| 278.1
| 282.2
| 286.8
|-
| Relative Error
| 0.8%
| 1.9%
| 2.1%
| 0.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 0.8%
| 0.6%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
| 0.7%
|}

We also plotted the measurement data with a linear regression line (R² = 0.969) as below.

[[File:Plot HFS.png|thumb|1000px|center|Measurement Data]]

===Data Analysis===
The measurement demonstrated that the rotation speed measured by the Hall effect sensor exhibits a low relative error (<2%) compared to the ground-truth values obtained from a laser tachometer, thereby validating the accuracy of this methodology.

Furthermore, a linear regression analysis of rotation speed versus PWM values confirmed the strong linear correlation between rotary plate's speed and supply voltage (R² > 0.95). This result further substantiates the feasibility of Hall effect sensors for reliable speed measurement across varying rotation speed.

Additionally, the relative errors observed in the experimental results primarily stem from the following limitations: low accuracy of the voltage oscilloscope, large standard deviation of the measured data.

==Conclusion & Outlook==
In this study, we developed a circuit board-based control platform with PWM-driven voltage modulation to regulate rotary plate's rotation speed, and conducted experiments to evaluate the Hall effect sensor's speed measurement performance. The results demonstrate that the Hall sensor achieves high measurement accuracy (relative error <2%). In contrast to handheld laser tachometers requiring precise optical alignment, the Hall effect solution offers three distinct advantages: integrated structure for setup, non-contact measurement capability, and cost-effectiveness. This approach enables reliable broad-range speed monitoring and provides a streamlined methodology for laboratory-scale rotational speed measurement applications.

Building upon the experimental limitations identified, we propose the following directions for future research to advance the system's capabilities:

1. Broader range of rotational speed measurements. In our experiments, rotational speeds were limited to 200-300 rpm due to motor operational voltage constraints and the rotational resistance of the turntable linkage. Expanding the range of speed measurements will help clarify the application scenarios for Hall effect sensors and prevent errors caused by voltage relaxation in the sensor's output under extremely high rotational speeds.

2. Physical modeling of turntable rotation. By comparing theoretical parameters with real-world laboratory measurements, we aim to establish a more precise speed-voltage dependency relationship. This will enable better evaluation of the accuracy of Hall effect measurement results across different rotational speeds.

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:16:52Z

Tianshuo: /* Conclusion & Outlook */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T15:00:00Z

Tianshuo: /* Conclusion & Outlook */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:53:55Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:53:40Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:48:37Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Statistics */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:47:45Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:45:43Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:42:00Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:40:38Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:26:41Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:26:27Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:23:14Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:21:43Z

Tianshuo: /* Hall Effect Sensor */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:21:32Z

Tianshuo: /* Rotary Plate with Gear System */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:21:18Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

File:Measurement145HFS.jpeg

2025-04-29T14:18:53Z

Tianshuo:

File:Measurement235HFS.jpeg

2025-04-29T14:18:37Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:15:52Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:15:25Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

File:Plot HFS.png

2025-04-29T14:13:27Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T14:12:22Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:45:02Z

Tianshuo: /* Rotary Plate with Gear System */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:44:54Z

Tianshuo: /* DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:44:44Z

Tianshuo: /* Sensor Working Principle */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:44:26Z

Tianshuo: /* DC Motor with PWM Voltage Supply */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:44:00Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:25:51Z

Tianshuo: /* Data Measurement and Analysis */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:11:52Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:11:40Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:09:57Z

Tianshuo:

File:RotaryPlate HFS.jpeg

2025-04-29T13:09:10Z

Tianshuo:

File:Motor HFS.jpeg

2025-04-29T13:06:01Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:05:31Z

Tianshuo: /* Hall Effect Sensor */

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:05:23Z

Tianshuo: /* Hall Effect Sensor */

File:HFS HFS.png

2025-04-29T13:03:07Z

Tianshuo:

Motor-driven Rotary Plate Speed Measurement via the Hall Effect Sensor

2025-04-29T13:00:14Z

Tianshuo: /* Sensor Working Principle */