Editing Precision Thermocouple Based Temperature Measurement System (section)

=== 4.1. Output Voltage Response to Applied Temperature Difference ===

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[[File:1.jpeg|thumb|500px|Graph-1]]
[[File:2.jpeg|thumb|500px|Graph-2]]
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[[File:3.jpeg|thumb|500px|Graph-3]]
[[File:4.jpeg|thumb|500px|Graph-4]]
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The thermoelectric response of the synthesized undoped ZnO pellet was examined by measuring the output voltage (Vout) generated across the pellet at varying temperature differences (ΔT), using the Keysight B2901A Source Measure Unit. The temperature gradient was established by stepping the heater input voltage (Vin) was stepped between 2.0 V and 3.0 V, producing temperature differences in the range of 1°C to 14°C across the pellet. At every ΔT step, four consecutive voltage readings were recorded and averaged to reduce the effect of short-term fluctuations. Before each of the four independent runs, silver paste was freshly applied at both contact points to ensure reliable electrical coupling between the measurement leads and the pellet surface.

Throughout all four runs, the output voltage was negative at every measured temperature difference, with values lying between −59 μV and −80 μV across the different runs. The Vout versus ΔT data for all four runs are presented in Graphs 1 through 4.