Editing Precision Thermocouple Based Temperature Measurement System (section)

=== 3.1. Configuration of the Nano-voltmeter ===

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[[File:Image of the Nanovoltmeter.jpeg|thumb|center|700px|Configuration of the Nano-voltmeter]]
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In this experiment, the Keysight B2901A Source Measure Unit (SMU) is configured to operate as a nanovoltmeter for measuring the thermoelectric voltage generated across the ZnO pellet. The measurement is performed under near open-circuit conditions to capture the voltage arising from the Seebeck Effect, where a temperature gradient drives charge carriers and establishes an internal electric field.
To avoid perturbing this equilibrium, the SMU sources a negligible current of 0.001 nA and, with its high input impedance, minimizes loading of the sample. A two-probe configuration is used with the force terminals connected as recommended since no current flows and sense correction is not required. The trigger function initiates measurements at each new heater input, and for each ΔT, four readings are recorded and averaged. Data are stored as CSV files, and the 100 nV resolution enables detection of microvolt-level signals.